Afghanistan, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the north. With a population of approximately 38 million people, it is the 39th most populous country in the world.
The history of Afghanistan can be traced back to ancient times, with evidence of human habitation dating back at least 50,000 years. Throughout its history, Afghanistan has been a crossroads for various civilizations and empires, including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Mauryans, Kushans, Hephthalites, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and British.
Early History
The earliest known inhabitants of Afghanistan were the Aryans, who migrated from Central Asia around 2000 BC. They settled in the region and established small kingdoms. The area was later conquered by the Persian Empire in the 6th century BC, and remained under Persian rule until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC.
The Mauryan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Ashoka, also controlled parts of Afghanistan in the 3rd century BC. Buddhism flourished during this time and many Buddhist monuments were built, including the famous Bamiyan Buddhas.
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Islamic Conquest
In the 7th century AD, Arab Muslims from the Rashidun Caliphate began to conquer parts of Afghanistan. The region eventually became part of the Islamic Empire and Islam became the dominant religion.
The Ghaznavid Dynasty, which was established in the 10th century AD, played a significant role in spreading Islam throughout Central Asia. They built numerous mosques and universities, making Afghanistan an important center for Islamic learning.